![]() ![]() ![]() SL1 is formed by nucleotides 7–33 of the 5'-UTR. 1) has been experimentally verified (Miao et al. At present, the predicted secondary structure of stem-loop SL1 in SARS-CoV-2 (Fig. Here, SL1 is involved in viral escape from non-structural protein 1-mediated translational shutdown (Tanaka et al. Subsequently, for the human pathogenic viruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, an additional function for SL1 was described. 2006), suggesting a functionally equivalent role for SL1 in Betacoronaviruses in general. For SL1 from SARS-CoV, it was shown that it can replace MHV SL1 and restore virus replication (Kang et al. ![]() Extensive mutational studies of MHV SL1 accompanied by NMR showed that virus viability depends on the sequence of the lower part of SL1 and on the stability of the upper part of SL1 (Li et al. Despite local differences in RNA sequences, the ~ 37 nucleotides (nt) stem-loop adopts a very similar secondary structure in all three viruses, consisting of two helical parts interrupted by a stretch of nucleotides with mismatched bases and capped by a less conserved apical loop. SL1, the first of these RNA stem-loops, has been structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy in Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and the human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 (Liu et al. The 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR) of Betacoronavirus RNA genomes contain several highly conserved, structured RNA elements that play essential roles in viral RNA synthesis. ![]()
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